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Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia

Type III hyperlipoproteinemia; Deficient or defective apolipoprotein E

Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia is a disorder passed down through families. It causes high amounts of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood.

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Causes

A genetic variant causes this condition. The variant results in the buildup of large lipoprotein particles that contain both cholesterol and a type of fat called triglycerides. The disease is linked to variants in the gene for apolipoprotein E.

Hypothyroidism, obesity, or diabetes can make the condition worse. Risk factors for familial dysbetalipoproteinemia include a family history of the disorder or coronary artery disease.

Symptoms

Symptoms may not be seen until age 20 or older.

Yellow deposits of fatty material in the skin called xanthomas may appear on the eyelids, palms of the hands, soles of the feet, or on the tendons of the ankles, knees and elbows.

Other symptoms may include:

• Chest pain (angina) or other signs of coronary artery disease may be present at a young age
• Cramping of one or both calves when walking
• Sores on the toes that do not heal
• Stroke-like symptoms such as sudden trouble speaking, drooping on one side of the face, weakness of an arm or leg, and loss of balance

Exams and Tests

Tests that may be done to diagnose this condition include:

• Genetic testing for apolipoprotein E (apoE)
• Lipid panel blood test
• Triglyceride level
• Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) test

Treatment

The goal of treatment is to control conditions such as obesity, hypothyroidism, and diabetes.

Making diet changes to reduce calories, saturated fats, and cholesterol may help lower blood cholesterol.

If cholesterol and triglyceride levels are still high after you have made diet changes, your health care provider may have you take medicines as well. Medicines to lower blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels include:

• Bile acid-sequestering resins.
• Fibrates (gemfibrozil, fenofibrate).
• Nicotinic acid.
• Statins.
• PCSK9 inhibitors, such as alirocumab (Praluent) and evolocumab (Repatha). These represent a newer class of medicines to treat cholesterol.

Outlook (Prognosis)

People with this condition have a significantly increased risk for coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease.

With treatment, most people are able to greatly reduce their levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.

Possible Complications

Complications may include:

• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Intermittent claudication
• Gangrene of the lower extremities

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Contact your provider if you have been diagnosed with this disorder and:

• New symptoms develop.
• Symptoms do not improve with treatment.
• Symptoms get worse.

Prevention

Screening the family members of people with this condition may lead to early detection and treatment.

Getting treated early and limiting other risk factors such as smoking can help prevent early heart attacks, strokes, and blocked blood vessels.

Related Information

References

Bredefeld CL, Lau R, Hussain MM. Lipids and dyslipoproteinemia. In: McPherson RA, Pincus MR, eds. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2022:chap 18.

Mora S, Martin SS. Measurement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and low-density lipoprotein particle concentration. In: Ballantyne CM, ed. Clinical Lipidology: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 3.

Robinson JG. Disorders of lipid metabolism. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 190.

Tokgözoglu L, Libby P. Lipoprotein disorders and cardiovascular disease. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, et al, eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2026:chap 25.

Writing Committee Members; Blumenthal RS, Morris PB, et al. 2026 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the management of dyslipidemia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2026;153(17):e1154-e1276. PMID: 41824552 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41824552/.

Review Date: 4/28/2026  

Reviewed By: Michael A. Chen, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington Medical School, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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